The Guys Behind The Scenes

The Men-dibles

 Finally we have saved the best for last as we think the time has come for us to reveal ourselves and the team who shed blood, sweat and definitely tears putting this blog together. We all had a joyous and adventurous time working together on this project. Hope that you guys had fun reading the blog too. Thank you!

Grand Finale

FINALLY, the end is near. Time flies when we're having fun, ya?

Hitherto, we are lead to discover the identities of the skeletal remains. When all investigations are done and dusted, we come to the conclusion that the three victims are

Herman Hartono, Adi Hartono and Anya Rosilawati.

Hope is all we can do. For every malevolent force, there is always a force of good, namely FORENSIC DENTIST!

Rather than shedding light on the mystery, this discovery only serves to add on to a perpetual list of questions. Is this a murder? If so, who is the killer? Are we looking at a one-off murder? Or the commencement of serial killings that is about to terrorize the town? What are the relations between the Hartonos and Anya? Why are they buried together?

You think this exercise is faux? Something fictitious like Criminal Minds, Sherlock Holmes?

There are a lot more mysteries in the real world than all the crime novels, dramas and films combined. You'll never know if you might be needed to identify your neighbor's burnt corpse. Touchwood! Let's hope that we wont have to use this exercise in practice. 

       

Forensic Dentistry at its best

The time has come once again, for us to enlighten you on the developments of this mysterious case. We know you’re excited to see us again (hopefully) . So, sit back and enjoy the ride as we guide you through another part of the assignment(Part 3) =D

             

We shall start off with question 5 of part 3.

In this question we were asked to match the photos of the victims’ pieces of evidence and explain our rationale for doing so.

Hence, below we have posted the picture of evidences that were gathered, followed by our analysis of the structures in each picture and how it helps us determine the victims.


Picture 1: Adult 's skull & jaw

Skull: 

• Large (Adult skulls are generally larger in size compared to children)

Temporal process of zygomatic bone : 

• More prominent ( Temporal process of zygomatic bone is more prominent in adults)

Orbits:

• Squarish with roundish margins ( Males tend to have a blunter, more rounded surface here, females a sharper border. Hence, indicating the evidence belongs to a male victim)

Dentition:   

• 8 alveolar processes of the mandibular arch in each quadrant.  (Adult have 8 alveolar processes in each quadrant while children have 5)
• A third molar at quadrant 4. (The eruption date of mandibular 3rd molars are between 17-21 years old. Hence, the victim's age would be at least 17 years old if not older)

Based on the Picture 1, we can deduce that the evidence possibly belonged to Herman Hartono or his son(Adi Hartono), both whom lived near the scene of the crime and have been reported missing.

Picture 2: Pieces of a jaw

Picture 2 showing a piece of broken jaw of an adult bearing the permanent mandibular 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars.

Mandible:

• Angle of mandible is more acute (Indicating it’s a male victim as angle of females are usually more obtuse to the lower jaw bone)

Dentition:

• All 3 molars are present, i.e. 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd molars

This is because the 3 molars can be easily distinguished from other teeth due to their features which are:

Permanent mandibular 1st molar:

• The root bifurcation mesiodistally
• Crown taper from buccal to lingual  
• Central groove zigzag mesiodistally

Permanent mandibular 2nd molar:

• 4 cusps 
• Straighter central groove
• Crown wider mesiodistally than faciolingually
• Lingual groove and buccal groove align to intersect with central groove like a '+'

Permanent mandibular 3rd molar(eruption date after 17 years old):

•  Smaller crown, smaller occlusal table compared to permanent 1st and 2nd molar
•  Resemble permanent 2nd molar but smaller
•  More rounded outline (occlusal aspect), bulbous appearance 
•  4 cusps

Since 3rd molars are only present in adults, this jaw may also belong to Herman Hartono or his son, Adi Hartono. At this point, there is insufficient information to determine the exact ages of both sets of evidence and hence match them directly to the victims. However, it is safe assume that the younger male victim(possibly Adi Hartono) is at least 17 years old. 

Picture 3: Child's jaw

Jaw: 

• Small in size (Children’s jaws are generally smaller than those of adults)

Dentition (Permanent mandibular canine):

From the picture given, its difficult to accurately identify if the canine present in the jaw is deciduous or permanent. However, based on our analysis, we strongly believe it’s a permanent mandibular canine. This is because:

-   the permanent mandibular lateral incisor is in the process of eruption (this tooth erupts at age 8-9 years as well) hence providing evidence that the canine present is likely to be a permanent one.

The presence of this permanent mandibular canine in the jaw also provides a possibility that the victim may indeed be Anya Rosilawati as she is 9 years old and both these teeth(permanent mandibular canine and permanent mandibular lateral incisor erupt at her age).

Mandibular angle:

• Obtuse angle ( More acute in adulthood or male, hence indicating that the victim is likely to be female)

Chin:

• More pointed chin ( Female mandible tend to have more pointed chin while male mandible have a square shape) 

Therefore, we can conclude that the jaw belonged to a child who might be Anya Rosilawati (9 years old)- who is filed missing 4 months ago.

The power of DNA profiling (editted)

Before proceeding to question 6, lets run through some facts about TWINS, since its relevant to our currrent stage in the mystery.

According to medical dictionary, monozygotic twins or identical twins are two individuals developed from one fertilized oocyte; hence, they have identical genomes.

How does this happen?

Comparison of zygote development in monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Identical twins are formed after a blastocyst essentially collapses, splitting the progenitor cells (those that contain the body's fundamental genetic material) in half, leaving the same genetic material divided in two on opposite sides of the embryo. Eventually, two separate fetuses develop.

Fun fact (well..kind of)

Spontaneous division of the zygote into two embryos is not considered to be a hereditary trait, but rather a spontaneous or random event. Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting.

       

                         Embyo splitting 1                                          Embryo splitting 2

Genetic similarity: 

1. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints, due to the fact that even in a small space inside the womb, people have contact with different parts of this environment, which gives small variations in the same digital, making them unique
2. Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. 

DNA patterns from four sets of twins 

Our DNA also changes in response to things like sunlight or the food we eat. Both can damage the DNA causing mistakes to happen. All of the changes aren't in all of our cells -- not all of our cells have the same DNA sequence! If a DNA mistake happens late in our development, then only a few cells will have that mutation. If a mistake happens early, then more cells will have the DNA change but still not all of them. Such mutations, however, are normally so tiny that DNA analysis can't detect them.

With the technology that we have currently, the police are unable to determine which twin was involved with  the crime. So what do the police do?

Well, police don't use DNA analysis since the DNA is the identical, hence police dust for fingerprints.

Comparison of palatal rugae patterns in siblings and twins

Comparison of palatal rugae patterns in siblings, twins and parents revealed no similarity of rugae patterns. This suggests that there is no evidence of rugae pattern features inheritance. Similar results were given by Fahmi et al (2001) who reported that no two palates are alike in their configuration. Even between twins, the patterns are not identical.

Science of lip prints is called cheiloscopy.

Japanese doctor Suzuki is supposed to have done the greatest work on lip prints. In 1970, he recalled the attention of everyone on the fact that the possible use of lip prints in personal identification. He examined 18 pairs of uni-ovular twins aka identical twins and found that there were considerable similarities in these twins. Before proceeding further, it would be proper to explain briefly about uni-ovular twins. These twins were initially conceived as a single individual from a single ovum, they are called uni-ovular twins. They are always of the same and are very much similar in appearance. It is in the light of these facts that Professor Suzuki was studying lip prints. But of the 18 pairs of uni-ovular twins that he studied, he found remarkable similarities. This was somewhat depressing for the forensic scientists although quite predictable.

             However MacDonell in 1972 described two identical twins who seemed to be indistinguishable by every other means, but lip prints in these twins differed. This was interesting news as identical twins had not been distinguished before by lip prints. He could differentiate between them by some other methods too. These were fingerprints, handwriting, voice prints and nail clippings.


Moving on to the question, 

The question is as follows:
The DNA profile showed evidence for a father and son. In addition there was DNA profiling pattern that matched one living twin (Tanya Rosilawati). With this, match the evidence to these victims who were earlier filed for missing persons. Explain your rationale.

Picture 1: Adult’s skull & jaw

Picture 2: Pieces of a jaw

Picture 1 and 2 shows two adult remains and along with DNA profiling evidences, we can deduce that they are father and son. Thus, the remains most probably belong to Herman and Adi.


Picture 3: Child’s jaw

Picture 3 will then belong to Anya since the DNA profile matches the living sister, Tanya.
Since both of them are identical twins, meaning they come from the same fertilized egg, which had only one complete set of DNA in the first place. That fertilized egg and its single set of DNA split to form twin embryos-each with its own set of DNA, identical to the other.

So, that marks the end of another week. Only one week to go =D

The art of identification

I hope you didn’t miss us too much, but if you did, no worries as we’re back for week 2 of the assignment!

Before we get on to question 4,why don’t we do just a quick run through on what is forensic anthropology really about

Anthropology is the scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.

Forensic anthrolopology
Forensic anthropology is the application of  anthropology to criminal investigations.
Identifying unknown individuals is a key part of forensic anthropology.
Anthropologists assist in identifications primarily by constructing a biological profile. This includes estimating age, sex, stature, and ancestry, as well as identifying specific characteristics, like diseases or injuries.

Lets get on to question 4 then,

In question 4, we were asked to identify the victims using the evidence discovered so far, however we were told not to use the dental aspects provided.

As mentioned above, using methods of forensic anthropology on the evidence that was found, we can identify various characteristics of the victims such sex and race

-The race of the adult victim can be determined by examining certain parts of the skull, such as the openings in eye and nose in the skull that vary among different races.

-The sex of the adult victim could easily be determined by the skull of the victim, ie my examining the general appearance, supra orbital ridges, orbits, glabella, zygomatic arches, mastoid process , palate, forehead,external occipital protuberances as well as the mandible.  (how to differentiate between male and female using these aspects of the skull were explained in Question 2 of part 1 of the assignment )

-The sex of the other victims could also be determined by examining the pieces of jaw (mandibles) that were found.


Forensic facial reconstruction

Forensic facial reconstruction techniques could also be used for identification of the adult victim.

(Forensic facial reconstruction is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains)

This is because both the skull and pieces of the jaw of the adult victim have been found, and hence features like

• The brow ridge 
• The distance between the eye orbits
• The shape of the nasal chamber
• The shape and projection of the nasal bones
• The chin's form
• The overall profile of the facial bone

Of the adult victim could be used to identify the adult victim’s facial appearance.

DNA profiling
DNA profiling could also be a method of identification of the victims. Samples of DNA of the victims can be obtained from the bones and be used to identify the victims. The DNA is then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where it mimics the biological process of DNA replication, but confines it to specific DNA sequences of interest. After a convoluted process involving activation of DNA, denaturation, annealing, and elongation, the specific sequence will be accumulated in billions of copies.

While a lot of DNA contains information for a certain function, there is some called junk DNA, which is currently used for human identification. At some special locations (called loci) in the junk DNA, predictable inheritance patterns were found to be useful in determining biological relationships. These locations contain specific DNA markers that DNA scientists use to identify individuals. In a routine DNA paternity test, the markers used are Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), short pieces of DNA that occur in highly differential repeat patterns among individuals.

Each person’s DNA contains two copies of these markers—one copy inherited from the father and one from the mother. Within a population, the markers at each person’s DNA location could differ in length and sometimes sequence, depending on the markers inherited from the parents. 

The combination of marker sizes found in each person makes up his/her unique genetic profile. When determining the relationship between two individuals, their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the same inheritance patterns at a statistically conclusive rate.

In the shoes of a forensic expert

Thus, its now time to move on to question 5

In question 5, we were first asked to list out the evidences that have been presented to both doctors so far

The evidences that have been presented so far are:

1) An adult skull with fragmented jaw pieces bearing five teeth.
2) A child’s jaw with erupting teeth (Mixed dentition)
3) A single piece of jaw with three posterior teeth.
4) Soil sample where the remains are found.


Hence it might be safe to assume that there are 3 separate victims at this point in time

In the following part of question 5, by considering the evidences put before us at this point in time, we were asked how we would investigate further, and what we would anticipate during the process

Identification of victim
Our first priority would be to identify the victims as soon as possible by making the best use of the evidence and technology at our disposal.

So how would we carry this out?

DNA 
First, we would then obtain samples of DNA from the bones of the 3 separate victims, followed by getting samples of DNA from family members of the people in the missing peoples list. We would then match these samples together and try to get a match. If a match is found, we would be able to have a direct identification of the victims.


In the meantime, we would consider the dental aspects that were discovered,


Dental Aspect
Based on the dentition and size of the jaw, we can already determine whether the jaw belongs to an adult or a young child and have a rough estimate of their ages.

We would then carry out an orthopantomogram (OPG) to get radiography of the  3 separate mandibles that were found. Therefore, we can know a more accurate idea of the ages of the victims by depending on the maturation of crowns and also transparency of roots.

Age 
Finding out the younger victim's age is straightforward enough via tooth eruption studies. The presence of deciduous teeth, also known as milk teeth, suggests the victim is an infant or child, as these teeth tend to be lost by around age 12. Similarly, the lack of wisdom teeth indicates the victim is under the age of 21. The eruption and loss of specific teeth tend to occur at particular ages. By studying these teeth, it is often possible to pinpoint the age of the victim quite accurately.

Based on the tooth eruption dates, it would also be safe to assume that one of the victims which have all 3 posterior back teeth would be at around 17 years old or older as the 3rd molar which is present would only erupt around the age of 16-17 at the earliest.

Comparative Dental Identification 
We would then attempt a comparative dental identification. The antemortem records of the shortlisted missing people, which are likely to be written notes, study casts and radiograph are compiled. Then, I would come up with a postmortem record with charting and written descriptions of dental structures and radiographs. Subsequently. each tooth structure will be compared in turn and a conclusion would be established. The possible results could be:

1) Positive Identification: Sufficient similarities between antemortem and postmortem records, and no unexplainable discrepancies, indicating that both records belong to the same individual.
2) Possible identification: The antemortem and postmortem have consistent features, but not possible to establish identity positively.
3) Insufficient evidence: The information is not enough to form a basis for conclusion.
4) Exclusion: Antemortem and postmortem details are not matched. Unexplainable discrepancies.

The skull is a very valuable piece of evidence as it reveals a lot about the victim. To find out about the victim's actual age before his/her demise, we would examine the skull and make a comparative analysis using the cranial sutures in the adult skeleton. Normally epiphyseal fusion and sutures of other body parts except the skull is preferable. To further improve the confidence level of the result, we would try to extract information based on the endocranial sutures (inside the skull) as they are more reliable as an aging method than it is for ectocranial suture analysis. To put it simply, the human skull is composed of numerous smaller bone segments, their division giving the skull flexibility. As the individuals age, these segments fuse together by ossification. It is the extent of this fusion which will lead us to the age. For this method to work, the adult victim must be under approximately 30 years old, after which ossification of the human skull is usually complete.

In the advent that the victim is an elderly individual, where suture analysis will not yield results, we shall resort to looking out for worn teeth, signs of bone degeneration, arthritis, osteoporosis (increased bone porosity), and similar diseases as these indicate old age. However the level of wear of teeth can be influenced by diet and cultural practices, so this should be taken into consideration. On the other hand, if dentures or other false teeth are found in or near the remains, this is a further sign of an elderly victim. However, such means are unreliable and a precautionary step in the form of osteon counting by microscopy will be taken. Osteons are minute tunnels within the bone housing nerves and nutrient-providing blood vessels. In general, the more osteons present in the bone, the older the victim.


Sex 
The next property that we would investigate is the sex of the victims. Though they appear fairly similar, female and male skulls do possess some distinctly different features, as aforementioned in part 1. The most straightforward way to determine the victim's sex is thus the examination of such differences.

	Male	Female
General size	Large	Small
Architecture	Rugged	Smooth
Supraorbital margin	Rounded	Sharp
Mastoid process	Large	Small
Occipital bone	Muscle lines and protuberance marked	Muscle lines not marked
Glabella	Bony	Flat
Gonial Angle	Squared	Wide angle
Palate	Larger, broader, tends to be U-shaped	Small, tends to be a parabola
Occipital condyles	Large	Small

The gender of the 2 victims in which only the mandibles have been discovered can also be determined by examining asspects such as the chin and ramus as explained before in part 1.


Ethnic 
Our next priority would be earmarking the victims’ ethnic origins. This information is extremely vital as the search list would be narrowed down considerably. There are a number of differences in the structure and appearance of bones between individuals of different races that can be observed and used in the establishment of a victim’s ethnic origin. The majority of these differences are based in the skull. 

A Caucasian victim will generally display a narrower face and high-bridged nasal bone. The upper incisors will often have a flat lingual surface (surface closest to the tongue). The chin will often be more prominent and the cheekbones fairly flat.
A Negroid skull will often exhibit a broader nose bridge with wider nasal openings and subnasal grooves. The skull will often hold outward-sloping jaws, with the lingual surface of the upper incisors being flat.
The skull of a Mongoloid victim will be broader around the face, with squarer, forward-sloping, wing-like cheekbones and a lower nose bridge. Unlike Caucasians and Negroids, the upper incisors are likely to be shovel-shaped and the skull flatter.


Forensic Facial Reconstruction 
By using forensic facial reconstruction, we can also recreate the imaginary face of an individual either into two or three dimensional by using the evidence found.

How would we carry this out?

Initially, the skull is cleaned of any remaining tissue in preparation for the reconstruction. A number of round, rubber markers are placed at specific points on the skull. These landmarks are used to indicate the depth of flesh in these locations, their depth being dependent on the likes of sex, age, race, and the all of which are investigated earlier. Then, strips of clay are attached to these landmarks, with more clay applied in between to act as the ‘flesh’ of the face. Facial muscles are laid over the flesh, their structures and sizes based on the shape and size of particular facial bones. External features are then added, such as eyes, ears and a nose. Finally, the skin is coloured and an appropriate hair colour and style selected, with reference to the victim's ethnic origin. Many of these external features are the most distinguishing points of a person’s face, but are unfortunately difficult or impossible to predict.

The result is essentially a clay model depicting the likely appearance of the unidentified individual. Though this may not be used as a sole identifier, the image may be distributed among the public, or cross-checked with the possible identity's list so that only a few shortlisted candidates remain, which would expedite the investigation process and conserve time.

Hence, for at least the adult victim, we should be able to get a clear picture of his/her appearance using this technique since there is both a skull and a jaw that can be used for the process whereas for the other victims, there may not be sufficient information for this technique.


Getting the identification of the victims will give us a headstart in the investigation. Alongside the cause of death, which we will discuss about shortly,  it helps us to reconstruct the final stage of the victim's life. Forensic entomology is implausible in this case as all the evidences are bony parts. The conventional methods of measuring body temperature, looking for rigor mortis and the colour of the skin are not practical as well.

We would then shift our focus to determining the time of death of the victims.

Time of death 
Radiocarbon dating
The first way we would attempt to obtain an accurate estimate of the time of death would be via radiocarbon dating. This is done by determining the radiocarbon content in tooth enamel by using radiocarbon-14 dating. Radiocarbon dating works on the principle that the radioisotope carbon -14 is taken up by organisms during life. Accumulation of carbon-14 by the body will stop upon death, and will decay at a fixed radioactive decay rate. Therefore, by knowing the carbon-14 content in the deceased and through calculations, the age and year of death of the victim can be estimated.

We could then consider analysing soil samples at the crime scene from which the remains were found

Soil samples 
This is because as bodies decompose, they leak certain chemical compounds into the ground. Since the profiles of these compounds vary as time passes, analyzing them can reveal how long a body has been dead and pinpoint how long a body has been lying in a particular place. One of the technique tracks the ratios of seven inorganic compounds, such as sodium and calcium, which leach into the soil from the bones. If a body is too badly decomposed for those techniques, scientists rely mostly on bones. If the surrounding soil does not contain the telltale chemicals released as a body decays, the body was probably placed there recently. Soil samples containing those chemicals help experts guess how long it has been since the person died. This number can be the key to whether an alibi flies or flops in a murder trial.

However, we would have to consider a lot of other conditions that can alter how a body decomposes during this process. This includes all the biological and non-biological processes that contribute to the decomposition, skeletonization, and depositional changes associated with a set of remains. Biological factors include human agents, animals, plants, insects, and invertebrates. Carnivore scavenging of fresh remains and rodent gnawing of dried remains are common. Plant roots can etch into bone surfaces while insects and worms can move remains during tunnelling and nest-building. Low soil pH, wind, water, and sand are all capable of abrading bone surfaces. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles can reduce a bone to fragments while intense heat and sun can cause the surface of bones to crack and peel away. Knowledge of such taphonomic processes is instrumental to estimate the length of time a body has been buried or exposed, or determine whether a set of remains has been moved.

The next aspect of our investigation would the cause of death

Cause of death 
Dr. Rudi mentioned that there might be ‘Blunt force on the back of the head’. However, it is not inclusive as there were too many pieces of evidences yet to be put together at that point. Hence by closely examining the size and shape of the injury of the skull, we can identify the weapon used and find evidences of the weapon in the vicinity.

With no flesh remaining, it is our duty to seek out clues as to how the victim died and what injuries they received. Whereas in many cases it may be impossible to tell, some injuries do leave tell-tale signs on the bones.

Murder weapon 
Sharp blades such as knives, if plunged into the body deeply enough, will often leave nicks and grooves on the surfaces of any bones they come into contact with. When the blade meets the solid structure of the bone, it is also possible that fragments of the blade are broken and left behind with the remains, ideal for later comparison to weapons. Such discovered fragments may be matched directly to the weapon used, or they may at least give some indication as to the type of weapon. 
A bullet may leave numerous markings on bones. If the bullet passed straight through bone, distinct holes could be observed. Such a projectile also has the potential to completely shatter a bone, or at least leave noticeable scratches across the surface. It is possible that bullets may have been left behind in the remains, stuck in one of the bones or caught up in leftover tissues.

Forceful blows to the skull will often leave obvious fractures or even holes, the study of which can even aid in the identification of the murder weapon, more so if a narrower, sharper weapon was used. The use of a larger, blunt object produces wounds described as blunt force trauma. Blunt force trauma may leave a pattern of radiating fractures around the point of impact, the extent of these fractures indicating the force of the blow. If there are multiple blows to the skull, any radiating fracture lines from following strikes will stop at existing fracture lines. The study of these can determine the order in which the injuries were received. The skull itself is composed of a spongy layer of bone sandwiched between two harder bone layers. The inner side of the skull is cushioned by the outer and middle layers, thus is can be assumed that great force was employed if all three layers are shattered. 

Previous injuries 

It is possible that not all injuries visible were received during the fatal incident, but these older wounds should still be examined closely. Fractures and similar injuries showing signs of healing may not be relevant to the current investigation, however they could be signs of previous assault, so should be taken into account nonetheless. Even fractures suffered a long time ago will be visible, potentially signifying injuries obtained during childhood. Periods of illness or malnutrition may also leave behind signs on the bones. During these periods, bone formation occurs at a slower rate between the end of the bone and its shaft. Once normal growth commences, a slight line is left behind in the bone, known as a Harris line, which can be visualised using x-ray techniques. By studying charts of known bone growth, it is even possible to establish roughly at what age this period occurred. 

Pattern of injury
In addition to the injuries themselves, the patterns of injuries present on a body can be very important to the case. The direction of projectile wounds can also be used to support or refute a suspect's story. We would carefully record all traumata according to type, location, and number to reconstruct the overall picture of what happened to the victims at the time of their death.


The ultimate outcome 
Once this is complete, we would have a rough estimation of the victims identities,age,gender,ethnic origins, the estimated time of death and the cause of death.

Using this information , we would be able to greatly decrease the scope of the suspected victims on the missing peoples list hence greatly increasing our chances of confirming their identities. Once the identities are confirmed, we would be able to obtain information on their occupations, lifestyles,families,friends, etc and obtain a clear picture of their final days before the incident, thus trying to relate them to the scene of the crime.
We will also be able to get a clear idea on how the incident took place, confirm the scene of the crime and subsequently determine how  the possible assailants/suspects may be related to the incident.

Well that not only marks the end of question 5 and week 2, but also the half way mark of the assignment!

Stay tuned for more from us next week!

Introduction to the Men-dibles

A Long long time ago, in a land far far away, 7 men from different walks of life who knew nothing about Forensic Dentistry met in an intersection known as IMU. We were brought together to complete a specific set of tasks, mainly ……….

BLOGGING.

We were given an opportunity by Dr. Ahsan to dwelve into this mysterious field of Forensic Dentistry. We did not see this as a chore but as a challenge as young aspiring dentists.